Comprehensive Guide to Encephalartos barteri: Cultivation, Propagation, and Conservation

Introduction

Encephalartos barteri is a rare and endangered species of cycad native to West Africa, specifically found in Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, and Togo. This medium-sized cycad is renowned for its distinctive appearance and ecological significance. However, due to habitat loss and overcollection, it faces the threat of extinction in the wild.​Shop E Barteri here:Join Facebook Group

Botanical Description

Taxonomy

• Family: Zamiaceae

• Genus: Encephalartos

• Species: E. barteri

• Authority: Carruth. ex Miq., 1917

• Common Names: West African Cycad, Ghost Palm, Hosanna Palm​ caudexplants.com

Morphological Features

• Trunk: Short and conical, typically reaching up to 2.6 meters in height.

• Leaves: Bright green, ranging from 1 to 2 meters in length, with narrow, lanceolate leaflets.

• Cones: Dioecious species with separate male and female cones. Male cones are spindle-shaped and yellow, while female cones are ovoid and green.

• Seeds: Oblong, measuring 20–30 mm in length and 18–23 mm in width, covered by a red sarcotesta.

  

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Habitat and Distribution

Encephalartos barteri is endemic to the tropical forests and woodlands of West Africa. It thrives on rocky hillsides and valleys, particularly on sandy soils over granites and sandstones. The species is found at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1400 meters above sea level in the following regions:​

• Nigeria: Jebba and Ilorin areas.

• Ghana: Southern districts of Lake Volta.

• Benin: Borgou Department and near Savalou.

• Togo: Various locations within the country.​

Conservation Status

Encephalartos barteri is classified as “Vulnerable” (VU) on the IUCN Red List due to its limited distribution and declining population. The species is also listed in CITES Appendix I, indicating it is threatened with extinction and prohibited from international trade unless under exceptional circumstances. ​Caudexplants.com

Cultivation and Care

Light Requirements

Encephalartos barteri prefers a sunny location with well-drained soil. It is fire-resistant but sensitive to frost. In cultivation, it should be protected from freezing temperatures to ensure its survival. ​caudexplants.com

Soil and Watering

The plant thrives in well-drained, sandy soils. While it is drought-tolerant, regular watering is beneficial during the growing season. However, overwatering should be avoided to prevent root rot.​

Propagation

Propagation is typically achieved through seeds. Due to its dioecious nature, both male and female plants are required for fertilization. Pollination is primarily wind-driven, with insects also playing a role. Once fertilized, female cones produce seeds that can be harvested and sown to propagate new plants. ​

Medicinal and Cultural Significance

In West African cultures, Encephalartos barteri holds cultural and ceremonial importance. The plant’s pith contains starch and sugar, and while it is considered poisonous or repellent, it has been utilized in traditional practices. Common names for the plant include “Ghost Palm” and “Hosanna Palm,” reflecting its mystical associations. ​Caudexplants

Threats and Conservation Efforts

The primary threats to Encephalartos barteri include habitat destruction, frequent fires, and overcollection for ornamental purposes. The species’ slow growth rate means that populations take a long time to recover if adult plants are removed from the wild. Conservation efforts are underway to protect and restore its natural habitats through community-based approaches and sustainable practices. ​

Conclusion

Encephalartos barteri is a unique and endangered cycad species with significant ecological and cultural value. Efforts to conserve and propagate this plant are crucial to prevent its extinction and to maintain the biodiversity of West Africa’s tropical ecosystems.​